HORTICULTURE IDROPON
For hydroponic mean one of the soilless cultivation techniques: the mineral nutrition is replaced by an inert substrate (expanded clay, perlite, vermiculite, coconut fiber, rock wool, zeolite , etc.).. The plant is watered with a nutrient solution composed of water and compounds (mostly inorganic) needed to make all the necessary elements normally recruited by mineral nutrition. The technique is also known by the term hydroponics.
source: Wikipedia
Hydroponics is a technology aimed the cultivation of plants in a nutrient solution (water containing nutrients), with or without the support of an inert medium (perlite, rock wool, etc.).. Hydroponics is made mostly in greenhouses to , requires considerable initial investment and high proficiency. is still very productive and ergonomic use water efficiently, fertile izzanti and space, and (potentially) reduce pollution. To enhance this potential in such production systems is preferred affect the environment by acting, for example, the air temperature and / or the growth medium, the availability of light and the relative humidity of air.
Hydroponics has been used in the past mainly on studies of plant physiology.
Around 1860, Sachs and Knop, two German plant physiologists, recognizing how difficult it is to study qualitatively and quantitatively the essential nutrients in plants grown in a complex medium such as soil, grow plants with roots immersed in a solution of salts minerals, whose chemical composition was controlled within the limits set by the purity of pr Oducts chemicals available at that time.
Only since 1929, thanks to the genius of William F. Gericke, plant physiologist at the University of California (Berkeley), hydroponics has also been used to grow plants on a commercial scale (Santamaria, 2001).
addition to these two uses now traditional, hydroponics is proposed for other uses, some quite bizarre, other pioneering.
in space or in Antarctica
The use of biological systems to support life in space has been studied since the beginning of anni ‘50, puntando sulla produzione di alghe (ad esempio clorella) per rigenerare l’ossigeno attraverso la fotosintesi (Golueke e Oswald, 1964). La ricerca ha poi interessato le piante superiori.
La Nasa (National aeronautics and space administration) conduce da quasi 30 anni ricerche sui supporti alla vita utilizzando specie quali batata e arachide come potenziali fonti alimentari per il pe rsonale impegnato nelle missioni spaziali. Le piante sono allevate in idroponica per valutare le loro risposte colturali, nutrizionali e fisiologiche in ambienti controllati. Recentemente, nel corso di una missione di ricerca sullo Space Shuttle Atlantis, è stato realizzato un ciclo completo di coltivazione soybeans in space, from sowing to
production of new seeds (Anonymous, 2002).
Even under extreme conditions such as those of the South Pole is proposed the use of hydroponics, to ensure the psychological and physiological well-being and maintain the eating habits of the personnel involved. On the other hand, high transport costs and long periods of isolation have led RESPONSIBLE ili research programs to evaluate and test the ability to produce directly in Antarctica edible plants in greenhouses with hydroponic systems (Campiotti et al., 1999).
To further improve le condizioni di vita in situazioni estreme, il gruppo di ricerca del Centro di agricoltura in ambiente controllato dell’Università dell’Arizona (Ua-ceac) sta sviluppando una camera di crescita che si compone per un terzo di una “sitting room” dove il personale in missione può entrare, e vedere le colture in produzione attraverso un muro di vetro.
Al momento, comunque, non è stata ancora condotta alcuna ricerca sui benefici psicologici di questa nuova proposta(Giacomelli, comunicazione personale).
The use of biological systems to support life in space has been studied since the beginning of anni ‘50, puntando sulla produzione di alghe (ad esempio clorella) per rigenerare l’ossigeno attraverso la fotosintesi (Golueke e Oswald, 1964). La ricerca ha poi interessato le piante superiori.
La Nasa (National aeronautics and space administration) conduce da quasi 30 anni ricerche sui supporti alla vita utilizzando specie quali batata e arachide come potenziali fonti alimentari per il pe rsonale impegnato nelle missioni spaziali. Le piante sono allevate in idroponica per valutare le loro risposte colturali, nutrizionali e fisiologiche in ambienti controllati. Recentemente, nel corso di una missione di ricerca sullo Space Shuttle Atlantis, è stato realizzato un ciclo completo di coltivazione soybeans in space, from sowing to
production of new seeds (Anonymous, 2002). Even under extreme conditions such as those of the South Pole is proposed the use of hydroponics, to ensure the psychological and physiological well-being and maintain the eating habits of the personnel involved. On the other hand, high transport costs and long periods of isolation have led RESPONSIBLE ili research programs to evaluate and test the ability to produce directly in Antarctica edible plants in greenhouses with hydroponic systems (Campiotti et al., 1999).
To further improve le condizioni di vita in situazioni estreme, il gruppo di ricerca del Centro di agricoltura in ambiente controllato dell’Università dell’Arizona (Ua-ceac) sta sviluppando una camera di crescita che si compone per un terzo di una “sitting room” dove il personale in missione può entrare, e vedere le colture in produzione attraverso un muro di vetro.
Al momento, comunque, non è stata ancora condotta alcuna ricerca sui benefici psicologici di questa nuova proposta(Giacomelli, comunicazione personale).
Biocompatibilità e autotossicità
Uno dei problemi che è stato affrontato negli studi finalizzati breeding of plants in extreme conditions is that the biocompatibility of the species when they are kept at the same time, and maybe even using the same solution and nutritious. For example, Mortley et al. (1998), peanut and sweet potato breeding in NFT, in monoculture or in intercoltura (in separate channels in which a nutrient solution was distributed shared), have shown that intercoltura of these two species reduces the production of peanut due to allelopathic exudates released from roots of sweet potato.
Thanks to a hydroponic system, Asao et al. (2003) have shown that the reduction of plant growth taro (Colocasia esculenta Schott) in monoculture can be attributed to aromatic acids such as benzoic acid, and aliphatic acids such as adipic acid, which is emitted from the roots of plants.
In nursery
To obtain material asexual propagation of artichoke high quality and affordable Temperini et al. (2000) have developed a hydroponic cultivation technique that allows to obtain certificates rooted shoots. The technique involves the cultivation of mother plants hailing from Roman artichoke micropropagation and recovered by telluric pathogens and viruses, and grown without soil in a protected environment; cycle crop plants are regularly treated with a plant growth regulator and pollarded to promote the release of offshoots from the rhizome. Subsequently, the offshoots are removed and cold stored until May when they are made to embed in alveolar containers for rooted shoots are capable of being transplanted in summer. Another application involves the use dell'aeroponica to produce spores of AM fungi effectively free of substrate. The colonized root material can be sheared and to give an inoculum density of propagules very high. To produce saplings of acacia (Acacia mangium Willd.) Associated with mycorrhizae, the aeroponics has proved more effective than ground. In addition, beyond faster micorrizzazione mushrooms, this technique allows an increase in content of phosphorus and chlorophyll in plant tissues. For this reason, aeroponics is considered an innovative and appropriate technology to produce large quantities of saplings associated with soil micro-organisms such as mycorrhizal fungi, for reforestation of degraded lands in the humid tropics (Martin-Laurent et al., 1999).
hydroponics principles can be applied to in vitro, under aseptic conditions, in miniature greenhouses, the technique is called microponica. Through appropriate conditions, it seeks to stimulate fotoautotrofia of seedlings in vitro, and the change in the heterotrophic metabolism in autotrophic metabolism to make the plant closer to in vivo conditions.
For example, to facilitate the achievement of good levels of autonomy in autotrophic cultures of Passiflora incarnata L. was used a liquid culture medium of LS half-strength with reduced level of sucrose (1.5%), perlite and has been used as artificial substrate alternative to traditional gelling agents (Lucchesini et al., 2003).
healthy dietary and medicinal products
hydroponic cultivation also gives the possibility to produce vegetables with some aspects of quality have definitely improved, and sometimes special requirements dietetici (Santamaria e Valenzano, 2001). L’impiego di soluzioni nutritive con concentrazioni note, e quindi la possibilità di controllo quantitativo e qualitativo del processo di alimentazione idrica e minerale della pianta, rende l’idroponica particolarmente interessante per l’arricchimento minerale o la riduzione del contenuto di nitrati degli ortaggi da foglia (Charfeddine, 2004).
Un altro impiego dell’idroponica che suscita interesse è la coltivazione di piante medicinali quali echinacea (Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench, bardana (Arctium lappa L.), ginseng (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), gingko (Gingko biloba L.), ecc. (Hayden et al., 2004).
Più in particolare, l’aeroponica is a system that shows great potential for the production of clean roots, and more uniform ripening faster than the conventional technique of cultivation on soil (Table 1).
Table 1 - Advantages dell'aeroponica compared to the traditional cultivation of crops on the ground root (phytochemicals).
1. Higher plant densities for the lack of competition for water and nutrients and the use of a structure A.
2. Increased production per unit area.
3. Roots sound, clean, senza terreno e parassiti che vivono nel terreno o adulterazioni da infestanti.
4. Cicli di coltivazione accelerati grazie all’aumentata velocità di crescita e di maturazione.
5. Potenzialità di aumentare la produzione di radici e dei relativi principi attivi (fitochimici) grazie all’uniformità di distribuzione dell’acqua e dei nutrienti, nonché al ridotto rischio di malattie.
6. Minore impiego di acqua e nutrienti grazie al ricircolo della soluzione nutritiva.
7. Indipendenza dal terreno e dal clima quando l’allevamento è in ambiente controllato.
8. Controllo correct the root zone by manipulating the composition of the solution nutrient, temperature and media used.
9. Ability to run multiple collections from a single roots of perennial crop.
1. Higher plant densities for the lack of competition for water and nutrients and the use of a structure A.
2. Increased production per unit area.
3. Roots sound, clean, senza terreno e parassiti che vivono nel terreno o adulterazioni da infestanti.
4. Cicli di coltivazione accelerati grazie all’aumentata velocità di crescita e di maturazione.
5. Potenzialità di aumentare la produzione di radici e dei relativi principi attivi (fitochimici) grazie all’uniformità di distribuzione dell’acqua e dei nutrienti, nonché al ridotto rischio di malattie.
6. Minore impiego di acqua e nutrienti grazie al ricircolo della soluzione nutritiva.
7. Indipendenza dal terreno e dal clima quando l’allevamento è in ambiente controllato.
8. Controllo correct the root zone by manipulating the composition of the solution nutrient, temperature and media used.
9. Ability to run multiple collections from a single roots of perennial crop.
Link:
in space or in Antarctica http://www.ag.arizona.edu/ceac/
hydroponics and aquaculture http://www.hydronov.com/Hydronov_10_E.htm
For the urban green http://www.anstj.org/enviro/rnste5/Images/cultures_morel.pdf
Phytochemicals http://ag.arizona.edu/ceac/research/archive/aeroponic_medicinals.pdf
dietary and medicinal products http://www.nativeamericanbotanics.com/page_photogallery.html
Project humus (Chernobyl) http://www.progettohumus.it/
hydroponics and aquaculture http://www.hydronov.com/Hydronov_10_E.htm
For the urban green http://www.anstj.org/enviro/rnste5/Images/cultures_morel.pdf
Phytochemicals http://ag.arizona.edu/ceac/research/archive/aeroponic_medicinals.pdf
dietary and medicinal products http://www.nativeamericanbotanics.com/page_photogallery.html
Project humus (Chernobyl) http://www.progettohumus.it/
source: web _ Osman Ayala - Peter Santamaria , Department of Crop Sciences, University of Bari
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